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Emerging Frontiers in Hydrodynamic Cavitation
okozyuk.com
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Nomenclature
| Symbol or abbreviation | Definition | Typical SI unit |
|---|---|---|
| a | Gas liquid interfacial area per liquid volume | m²/m³ |
| Bit or borehole cross sectional area | m² | |
| Aclean | Area meeting the specified cleaning criterion | m² |
| Aann | Annular flow area | m² |
| B | Cooling tower blowdown flow | m³/s |
| BOD5 | Five day biochemical oxygen demand | mg/L |
| C, C* | Bulk and equilibrium dissolved concentration | kg/m³ or mg/L |
| Cd | Discharge coefficient | dimensionless |
| CoC | Cycles of concentration | dimensionless |
| COD | Chemical oxygen demand | mg/L |
| D, dn | Characteristic diameter and nozzle diameter | m |
| , | Bubble and particle diameter | m |
| d32 | Sauter mean bubble diameter | m |
| Dr | Drift and other cooling water losses, where used in water balance | m³/s |
| E | Evaporation flow or energy, as defined locally | m³/s or J |
| Specific cleaning energy per area | J/m² | |
| Specific electrical energy per treated volume | J/m³ or kWh/m³ | |
| FOG | Fats, oils, and grease | mg/L |
| g | Gravitational acceleration | m/s² |
| HHP | Hydraulic horsepower at the bit | hp |
| Hi | Henry law constant in the stated convention | varies with convention |
| IAP | Ion activity product | dimensionless activity product |
| k | Apparent first order flotation rate constant | s⁻¹ |
| Apparent leaching rate constant | s⁻¹ | |
| Volumetric gas liquid mass transfer coefficient | s⁻¹ or h⁻¹ | |
| Ksp | Solubility product | activity basis |
| M | Cooling tower makeup flow | m³/s |
| MLSS | Mixed liquor suspended solids | mg/L |
| MSE | Mechanical specific energy | J/m³ or equivalent drilling unit |
| N | Rotary speed | s⁻¹ or rev/min |
| Npass | Nominal number of system turnovers through the device | dimensionless |
| OTR, SOTR | Oxygen transfer rate and standardized oxygen transfer rate | kg O2/h |
| OUR | Oxygen uptake rate | kg O2/(m³·h) |
| p, pref, pv | Pressure, reference pressure, and vapor pressure | Pa |
| Pa, Pc, Pd | Attachment, collision, and detachment probabilities | dimensionless |
| Pel, Ph, Pbit | Electrical, hydraulic, and bit hydraulic power | W |
| Q | Volumetric liquid flow rate | m³/s |
| Jet dynamic pressure | Pa | |
| R, Rmax | Bubble radius and maximum bubble radius | m |
| Areal cleaning rate | m²/s | |
| ROP | Rate of penetration | m/s or m/h |
| S | Standoff distance or supersaturation ratio, as defined locally | m or dimensionless |
| S* | Dimensionless standoff ratio | dimensionless |
| Bubble surface area flux | m²/(m²·s) | |
| t, tc | Time and Rayleigh collapse time | s |
| T | Torque | N·m |
| TSS | Total suspended solids | mg/L |
| v, , | Local velocity, jet velocity, and terminal rise velocity | m/s |
| V, Vsys, | Liquid, system, and treated volumes | m³ |
| WOB | Weight on bit | N |
| X | Fractional leaching conversion | dimensionless |
| Lithium recovery per electrical energy | kg/kWh | |
| z | Elevation | m |
| C0, Ct | Initial and treated concentration of the measured constituent | kg/m³, mg/L, or process specific |
| DL | Cell disruption or lysis fraction | dimensionless or % |
| Es | Specific electrical energy per unit dry solids | J/kg or kWh/kg |
| NT | Number of treated hydraulic turnovers during an evaluation period | dimensionless |
| Ndamaged, Ntotal | Count of damaged cells and total cells evaluated | count |
| SEC | Specific electrical energy consumption based on treated mass or volume | J/kg or kWh/m³ |
| mdry, mproduct | Dry feed mass and recovered product mass | kg |
| Yext | Dry extract yield based on dry feed | dimensionless or % |
| Ylight | Yield of distillate or light fraction below a stated cut temperature | dimensionless or % |
| , | Initial and treated dynamic viscosity | Pa·s |
Greek Letters
| Symbol | Definition | Typical SI unit |
|---|---|---|
| α | Process water correction factor for oxygen transfer | dimensionless |
| β | Open area ratio or oxygen solubility correction factor, as defined locally | dimensionless |
| γ | Liquid surface tension | N/m |
| Δp | Pressure drop | Pa |
| εg | Gas holdup | dimensionless |
| ηp, ηm | Pump and motor efficiencies | dimensionless |
| ηLi, ηstrip | Lithium recovery and gas stripping efficiency | dimensionless or % |
| μ | Dynamic viscosity | Pa·s |
| ρ, ρl, ρg | Density, liquid density, and gas density | kg/m³ |
| σ | Cavitation number | dimensionless |
| τ | Contact or residence time | s |
| Πscale | Set of scale up similarity variables | dimensionless set |
| ηHS | Humic substance removal efficiency | dimensionless or % |
| ημ | Relative viscosity reduction | dimensionless or % |